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1 конструктивное решение
1) Construction: construction solution, framing scheme, structural concept, structural scheme2) Architecture: design concept3) Diplomatic term: constructive settlement4) Politics: constructive decision5) Advertising: constructive solution6) Robots: constructional decision7) Cables: design8) Engineering corps: structural solution (Olga)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > конструктивное решение
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2 Konstruktionslösung
Konstruktionslösung f structural solutionDeutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Konstruktionslösung
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3 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging. -
4 стекло
glass, ( в оконном переплете) light* * *стекло́ с.
glassарми́ровать стекло́ — reinforce glassвставля́ть (око́нные) стё́кла — glaze, set glass windows, fit windows with glassвыдува́ть стекло́ — blow glassвытя́гивать [тяну́ть] стекло́ — draw glassграни́ть стекло́ — cut glassзаглуша́ть стекло́ — opacify glassзакаля́ть стекло́ — temper glassмати́ровать стекло́ — frost glassобезга́живать стекло́ — degas glassотжига́ть стекло́ — anneal glassполирова́ть стекло́ — polish glass
(по)серебрить стекло́ — silver glassпрессова́ть стекло́ — press glassпрока́тывать стекло́ — roll glassстекло́ разруша́ется — glass shattersстекло́ разруша́ется без оско́лков — glass does not break into fragments [splinters]спека́ть стекло́ — sinter [frit] glassтрави́ть стекло́ — etch glassшлифова́ть стекло́ — grind glassалюмоборосилика́тное стекло́ — aluminoborosilicate glassарми́рованное стекло́ — wire glassбезоско́лочное стекло́ — non-splintering [safety] glassбесцве́тное стекло́ ( не путать с прозра́чным стекло́м) — clear glass (not to be confused with transparent glass)боросилика́тное стекло́ — borosilicate glassбуты́лочное стекло́ — bottle glassветрово́е стекло́ — windshield, windscreenвитри́нное стекло́ — plate glassводоме́рное стекло́ — water-level gauge glassвулкани́ческое стекло́ — volcanic glassды́мчатое стекло́ — smoked [obscure] glassжаросто́йкое стекло́ — heat-resistant glassжи́дкое стекло́ — water glass, sodium silicate solutionзакристаллизо́ванное стекло́ — glass ceramicзащи́тное стекло́ — ( для остекления мобилей) safety glass; (для осциллографов, телевизоров) faceplateзерка́льное стекло́ — plate glassизвестко́вое стекло́ — lime glassкали́йное стекло́ — potassium glass, potassium silicate glassква́рцевое стекло́ — quartz glass, vitreous silica glassстекло́ кероси́новой ла́мпы — chimneyконтро́льное стекло́ — eye [feed, sight] glassлистово́е стекло́ — sheet glassлито́е стекло́ — cast glassлобово́е стекло́ ( фонаря кабины) — windshield, windscreenмаслоуказа́тельное стекло́ — oil gauge glassма́товое стекло́ — focusing screenме́рное стекло́ — (liquid-level) gauge glassмногосло́йное стекло́ — laminated glassмоло́чное стекло́ — opal glassна́триевое стекло́ — soda (ash) glass, sodium silicate glassнебью́щееся стекло́ — shatter-proof glassнеоди́мовое стекло́ — neodymium-doped glassнеоргани́ческое стекло́ — inorganic glassнепрозра́чное стекло́ — opaque glassоко́нное стекло́ — window glass, window paneокра́шенное стекло́ — stained [tinted] glassопа́ловое стекло́ — opal glassопти́ческое стекло́ — optical glassоргани́ческое стекло́ — acrylic plasticочко́вое стекло́ — eye glass, spectacle lensпло́ское стекло́ стр. — flat glassпокро́вное стекло́ — cover glassполупрозра́чное стекло́ — translucent glassпосу́дное стекло́ — dish [dishware] glassпредме́тное стекло́ ( в микроскопии) — (microscopic) slideпрозра́чное стекло́ — transparent glassпуленепробива́емое стекло́ — bullet-resisting [bullet-proof] glassпустоте́лое стекло́ — hollow glassраствори́мое стекло́ — soluble glassрифлё́ное стекло́ — rippled [ribbed, grooved, corrugated] glassсветорассе́ивающее стекло́ — diffusing glassсвинцо́вое стекло́ — lead glassсилика́тное стекло́ — soda-lime glassслои́стое стекло́ — laminated glassсмотрово́е стекло́ — sight glassстекло́ с про́волочной се́ткой — wire glassстрои́тельное стекло́ — structural glassстрои́тельное, про́фильное стекло́ — structural glass shapesсульфа́тное стекло́ — sulphate of soda glassстекло́ с фа́ской — bevelled glassта́рное стекло́ — container glassтеплозащи́тное стекло́ — heat-resisting glassтермосто́йкое стекло́ — heat-resistant glassтермоупрочнё́нное стекло́ — heat-strengthened glassтехни́ческое стекло́ — industrial glassувеличи́тельное стекло́ — magnifying glass, magnifierувио́левое стекло́ — uviol glassузо́рчатое стекло́ — figured [patterned] glassуказа́тельное стекло́ — glass gaugeфасо́нное стекло́ — moulded glassфилигра́нное стекло́ — reticulated glassфотохро́мное стекло́ — photochromic glassхи́мико-лаборато́рное стекло́ — chemical glassцветно́е стекло́ — coloured glassэлектрова́куумное стекло́ — electron-tube glassяче́истое стекло́ — cellular glass -
5 расчёт
1) General subject: account (lay (one's) account with something - рассчитывать на что-либо), accounting, arithmetic (ы), calculation, clearing-off, computation, consideration, design, detachment, dismissal, economy, estimation, expectation, gunners, intention, payment, prediction, providence, reckoning, reckoning (тж. перен.), sack (увольнение), settlement, (например технических требований или данных) quotation, accountance, rationale2) Computers: count3) Naval: quittance, rating, speculation4) Medicine: billing5) Military: advantage, counting off (при построении), crew, detachment (орудия, миномёта), estimate, gun crew, gun section, manning detail (огневого средства), operating personnel, section, squad, squad section, team6) Engineering: analysis (обычно проверочный), computing, designing, sizing, valuation7) Professional term: dismissal pay9) Law: settlement of accounts, statement10) Economy: derivation, estimating, processing operations, settling11) Accounting: making-up12) Finances: (по платежам) settlement (в отличие от calculation - расчёт, определение. вычисление ( какого-либо показателя))13) Australian slang: tick14) Architecture: ultimate load design15) Psychology: guessing16) Jargon: walking papers, walking ticket17) Information technology: acct, bill, calculating, invoice18) Oil: reliance19) Astronautics: figuring20) Geophysics: calculations, computations, determination, evaluation, generation22) Drilling: dimensioning23) EBRD: clearance24) Automation: calculus25) Arms production: crew (орудийный, миномётный или пулемётный)26) Sakhalin A: analysis (structural) (при проектировании конструкций)27) leg.N.P. voucher28) Makarov: analysis (определение напряжений, деформаций, внутр. сил, моментов, условий жёсткости в имеющейся конструкции), calculation (вычисления), calculations (вычисления), computation (вычисления), computations (вычисления), consideration (рассмотрение), design (подбор сечений и др. размеров реальной конструкции при заданных напряжениях, моментах и т.п.), manning detail (огневого средства и т.п.), solution, solution (решение)29) SAP.tech. settl.30) SAP.fin. settlmt31) oil&gas: fire team -
6 formule
formule [fɔʀmyl]feminine nounc. ( = méthode) system* * *fɔʀmyl1) ( expression) expression2) ( option) option3) ( méthode) method4) ( conception) concept5) ( en science) formula6) ( automobile)formule un/deux/trois — Formula One/Two/Three
7) (d'émission, de magazine) format•Phrasal Verbs:* * *fɔʀmyl nf1) (chimique, mathématique) formula2) (= arrangement, mode d'organisation) (pour des vacances) optionC'est une formule idéale pour le voyageur pressé. — It's an ideal option for travellers who are short of time., (au restaurant)
3) (= expression) phraseformule de politesse — polite phrase, (en fin de lettre) letter ending
4) (= formulaire) form* * *formule nf1 ( expression) expression; la formule est heureuse that's well put; formule toute faite set phrase; une formule creuse an empty formula;2 Comm ( option) option; la formule train-bateau n'est pas économique the boat-train option isn't economical; nous proposons plusieurs formules d'hébergement we offer several accommodation options;3 ( méthode) method; formule de paiement method of payment; il a trouvé la bonne formule pour s'enrichir he hit on a good way of making money;4 ( conception) concept; nouvelles formules de vie familiale new concepts of family life;5 Sci formula;6 ( formulaire) form;7 Sport Aut formule un/deux/trois Formula One/Two/Three; un Grand prix de formule un a Formula One Grand Prix;8 ( présentation) (d'émission, de magazine) format; l'émission a changé de formule the programmeGB has a new format.formule dentaire Dent dental formula; formule développée Phys structural formula; formule exécutoire Jur order for enforcement; formule incantatoire incantation; formule magique ( en magie) magic words; fig magic formula; formule de politesse gén polite phrase; ( à la fin d'une lettre) letter ending.[fɔrmyl] nom fémininelle a terminé sa lettre par une belle formule/une formule toute faite she ended her letter with a well-turned phrase/a ready-made phraseformule de politesse [dans une lettre] letter ending2. [imprimé] formils ont (trouvé) la formule pour ne pas avoir d'ennuis they've found a way of not having any problems6. [en langage publicitaire] wayune nouvelle formule de spectacle/restaurant a new kind of show/restaurantnotre restaurant vous propose sa formule à 16 euros ou sa carte our restaurant offers you a set menu at 16 euros or an à la carte menu8. MÉDECINE -
7 клей для сборки
1) Engineering: assembly adhesive, structural adhesive2) Polymers: assembling solution3) Plastics: assembly glue -
8 разрушение
1) General subject: abolishment, break-up, breakdown, collapse, decay (здания), demolition, desolation, destruction, devastation, devourment, disruption, erosion, fracture, havoc, obliteration, smash, strip, subversion, tear-down, wreckage, wrecking, disintegration2) Geology: crushing, dote, overthrow, rupture (целика), shattering (взрывом, землетрясением), undermining3) Biology: desintegration, lysing, resolution4) Aviation: breaking down, confounding, decomposing6) Medicine: break, breaking, degradation, destruction (напр. ткани, клетки), deterioration, disorganization, dissolution, lysis (напр. клеточной структуры тканей, бактериальных клеток)7) Obsolete: wrack8) Military: busting, laying flat, wreaking destruction9) Engineering: attack, breakup, catastrophic failure, corrosion, corruption, damage, decaying, disturbance (магнитного состояния), end, ending, erase (информации), erasing (записанной информации), erasure (записанной информации), failure, shattering10) Bookish: cataclasm11) Agriculture: havos12) Chemistry: disrupting13) Construction: act of God, structural failure, wrecking (зданий), rack, yield14) Railway term: dilapidation15) Law: wreck16) Economy: crumbling17) Automobile industry: collapsing, decrepitation (при нагревании)18) Mining: ablation (действием воды), shattering (породы взрывом)19) Forestry: abrasion (водой), dispersion (напр. почвенных агрегатов)20) Metallurgy: ablation (действием воды), erosion (напр. футеровки печи)21) Politics: ruination22) Jargon: blockbusting, old one-two23) Information technology: destruction (информации), dissection, disturbing (магнитного состояния), shatter24) Oil: breakage, breakdown failure, breaking-off, catastrophic damage, collapse (вышки или треноги в результате перегрузки), collapse (труб), crash, death, destruction failure, failing, fall (пород), fragmentation (породы), shattering (цементного кольца), spalling, weathering (пород), rupture25) Immunology: sequestration26) Astronautics: destroying, kill27) Silicates: fracture behavior28) Coolers: decomposition29) Ecology: ablation, weathering30) Drilling: crippling, demulsification (нефтяной эмульсии), fall32) Automation: erasing (информации), erasure (информации)33) Quality control: fracturing34) Marine science: wastage (льда таянием, испарением или обламыванием)35) Cables: breakdown (break-down)36) Aviation medicine: break-down, crashing37) Makarov: ablation (напр. действием воды), ablation (напр., действием воды), breaking-up (почвы), burst, bursting, collapse (вследствие потери устойчивости), corrasion, degeneration, demolishing (зданий), demolition (домов, сооружений), demolition (зданий), dissipation, execution, failure (механическое), lysis (напр., клеточной структуры тканей, бактериальных клеток), ravage (почвенной корки), slaking (стен туннеля при вспучивании глинистых отложений), solution, weathering (под влиянием атмосферных воздействий)38) Taboo: mucking something up39) Electrochemistry: desintegration (анодов)40) Tengiz: ruin -
9 упростить
(= упрощать) simplify• В следующей главе мы упростим ситуацию, рассматривая случай... - In the next chapter we simplify matters by considering the case of...• Вдобавок, это доказательство можно слегка упростить... - Incidentally, this proof can be made somewhat simpler by...• Мы можем (это) еще более упростить... - We can make further simplification by...• Невозможно далее упростить это соотношение, потому что... - It is not possible to simplify this relationship any further because...• Перед тем как упростить данное решение, давайте проверим... - Before simplifying this solution, let us examine...• С целью упростить алгебраические преобразования мы будем... - In order to simplify the algebra we shall...• С целью упростить обозначения мы предполагаем, что... - For simplicity of notation, we assume that...• Тем не менее, мы могли бы упростить процедуру, используя... - However, we may simplify matters by using...• Формулу для W можно еще более упростить, вводя... - The formula for W can be simplified still further by introducing...• Чтобы упростить вычисления, введем... - То simplify the computations, we introduce...• Чтобы упростить дело, мы будем... - То simplify matters we shall...• Чтобы упростить задачу, давайте предположим, что... - То simplify the problem, let us suppose that...• Чтобы упростить исследование, мы теперь введем... - То simplify the treatment we shall now introduce...• Чтобы упростить ситуацию, мы ограничим наше внимание... - То simplify matters we confine our attention to...• Это может упростить ситуацию... - It may simplify matters to...• Это упрощает структурные взаимоотношения. - This facilitates the structural correlation. -
10 Bibliography
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